The experiment was carried out to determine the carbohydrate fractions of elephantgrass silage wilted under the sun for eight hours. Other treatments included the same elephantgrass without wilting but with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal at the ensiling process. The PVC silos used in the experiment had 5.3 L of capacity, and they were opened 45 days after ensiling. The wilted treatment showed total carbohydrate (TC) concentration similar to treatments with 14 and 21% […]

Grasslands have to be considered not only as a mean for providing foods for domestic herbivore but also as an important biome of terrestrial biosphere. This function of grasslands as an active component of our environment requires specific studies on the role and impact of this ecosystem on soil erosion and soil quality, quality and quantity of water resources, atmosphere composition and greenhouse gas emission or sequestration, biodiversity dynamics at different scales from field plot to landscape. All these functions […]

Documenting the presence and abundance of the neotropical mammals is the first step for understanding their population ecology, behavior and genetic dynamics in designing conservation plans. The combination of field research with molecular genetics techniques are new tools that provide valuable biological information avoiding the disturbance in the ecosystems, trying to minimize the human impact in the process to gather biological information. The objective of this paper is to review the available non invasive sampling techniques that have been used […]

During the past two decades, techniques for the non-invasive analysis of fecal steroid metabolites (estrogen, androgen, progestagen and glucocorticoid metabolites) have been developed. These techniques have been used for research with mammals, birds, reptiles, and to a lesser extent in fish; species studied included domestic and laboratory animals, as well as captive and free-ranging wildlife. The techniques now are widely accepted, and in many studies in which either blood sampling on a regular basis was difficult or not possible, i.e. […]

Fish farming has been increasing in the last decades. Although the current legislation on animal welfare of animals in production systems is applicable to all vertebrate species, including teleost fish, the knowledge on fish welfare is still very poor. In recent years, the study of animal welfare in other farmed vertebrates (i.e. mammals and birds) allowed a solid knowledge of the state of the animals and the minimal resources they need in production systems, which led to the implementation of […]

Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite navigation receivers are increasingly being used in ecological and behavioural studies to track the movements of animals in relation to the environments in which they live and forage. Concurrent recording of the animal’s foraging behaviour (e.g. from jaw movement recording) allows foraging locations to be determined. By combining the animal GPS movement and foraging data with habitat and vegetation maps using a Geographical Information System (GIS) it is possible to relate animal movement and foraging […]

In a recent review on the concept of fish welfare, I argue that concern on fish welfare is definitively a genuine matter, and the main challenge is to find valid methodologies to evaluate this internal state in these animals. I also argue in that review that studies on fish preference should be emphasized, instead of frustrated attempts to empirically demonstrate sentience in the non-human animals. From this theoretical background, in the present text I examine more detailed the preference tests, […]

The study of great grazing areas, mainly so that concerns the use for the animals, it is difficult, so much in the sampling form, as in the way to analyze the obtained data. In that context the Geographical Information System (GIS) it appears as useful tool, capable to make possible ecological and behavior studies associated to the use of the space and of the resources in him allocated. Among the main tools of a GIS with importance for the study […]

Carbohydrates can provide up to 80% of the dry matter in animal diets, yet their specific evaluation for research and diet formulation is only now becoming a focus in the animal sciences. Partitioning of dietary carbohydrates for nutritional purposes should reflect differences in digestion and fermentation characteristics and effects on animal performance. Key challenges to designating nutritionally important carbohydrate fractions include classifying the carbohydrates in terms of nutritional characteristics, and selecting analytical methods that describe the desired fraction. The relative […]

In certain areas of animal research, such as nutrition, quantitative summarizations of literature data are periodically needed. In such instances, statistical methods dealing with the analysis of summary data (generally from the literature) must be used. These methods are known as meta-analyses. The implementation of a meta-analysis is done in several phases. The first phase defines the study objectives and identifies the criteria for selecting prior publications to be used in the construction of the database. Publications must be scrupulously […]