rbzRevista Brasileira de ZootecniaR. Bras. Zootec.1516-35981806-9290Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia0071210.37496/rbz5320230139Non-ruminantsUse of exogenous enzymes to improve nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers fed different protein sources0000-0002-4493-8522FortesBruno Duarte AlvesInvestigationMethodologyProject administrationWriting – original draft10000-0002-3710-6963StringhiniJosé HenriqueConceptualizationMethodologySupervision20000-0002-1478-8009CaféMarcos BarcellosConceptualizationFunding acquisitionMethodologyProject administrationResourcesSupervisionWriting – review & editing20000-0002-0312-7424MelloHeloisa Helena de CarvalhoMethodologyWriting – review & editing2*0000-0003-0922-146XArnholdEmmanuelData curationFormal analysis2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia GoianoIporáGOBrasilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Iporá, GO, Brasil.Universidade Federal de GoiásEscola de Veterinária e ZootecniaGoiâniaGOBrasilUniversidade Federal de Goiás, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
Corresponding author:
heloisamello@ufg.br
Editors
Ines Andretta
Valdir Ribeiro Junior
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
08082024202453e202301392709202317032024 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT
Two experiments were conducted to assess the impact of an enzyme complex (EC) on the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP), and ether extract (MCEE) and on the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of corn gluten meal, soybean protein concentrate, dried bovine plasma, and poultry offal meal. Additionally, the experiments aimed to evaluate how EC affected broiler performance. In experiment I, 720 day-old Cobb 500® broilers were assigned to a completely randomized design using a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The main factors considered were the feedstuff (corn gluten meal, soybean protein concentrate, dried bovine plasma, and poultry offal meal) and the presence or absence of EC. The broilers were housed in 45 pens, using five replicates, with ten birds in the pre-starter phase and six birds in the starter phase. This design resulted in eight treatment groups, including one reference diet group. In experiment II, 1140 day-old Cobb 500® chicks were allotted in a completely randomized design, employing a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with the same main factors as in experiment I. Birds were housed in 48 pens, using six replicates/30 birds, yielding eight treatments. The use of the EC did not lead to improvements in digestibility of the feedstuffs. However, the addition of EC resulted in enhanced body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratios across all phases of broiler growth. Enzyme complex inclusion did not affect feed intake. While the EC did not enhance the metabolizability of nutrients in feedstuffs individually, broilers fed diets containing these feedstuffs and supplemented with EC exhibited improved performance at 42 days of age. This suggests that the impact of the EC varies depending on whether it is observed at the feedstuff or diet level.
In poultry production, the nutritional quality of the diet plays a major role in the efficient utilization of nutrients by animals, ultimately influencing broiler performance and economic returns for producers.
Various types of enzymes, including protease, amylase, lipases, xylanase, and phytase, whether used individually or in combination, have been employed in broiler diets. The use of these enzymes has been associated with improved nutrient digestibility and enhanced broiler performance (
Aderibigbe et al., 2020
;
Rao et al., 2021
;
Attia et al., 2022
). The inclusion of enzymes can be particularly advantageous in diets containing unconventional ingredients, so the impact of enzyme supplementation on nutrient metabolism warrants investigation.
The corn gluten meal (CGM) is a byproduct from the manufacturing of corn, with a protein content of around 60% (
Longo et al., 2005
). It could be used as a substitute of soybean meal, as a protein ingredient in broiler diets. The use of a protease in reduced protein diets for broilers could be an economically viable dietary strategy to lower feeding cost, improve the environmental impact of farming, affect positively the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens, and retain gut integrity (
Giannenas et al., 2017
). Soybean protein concentrate (SPC) is a protein feedstuff that has been related to increases in the growth performance of broilers linked to enhanced gut health through reduction of enteric pathogens (
Kiarie et al., 2021
). However, some investigations have shown that feed efficiency of chicks fed the SPC was lower through three weeks than that of the chicks fed the other protein sources (
Batal and Parsons, 2003
), indicating that supplementing SPC diets with enzymes could be beneficial.
Poultry offal meal (POM) and dried bovine plasma (DBP) are animal byproducts commonly used in poultry industry. The bovine plasma is obtained from fresh blood treated with an anticoagulant, and centrifugated to the plasma and blood cell fractions separation (
Beski et al., 2015
). The POM is used to replace part of soybean meal of diets. However, birds fed diets with inclusion of POM are less efficient, even with supplementation of lysine in the diet (
Silva et al., 2014
). In this context, dietary supplementation of protease may be a potential strategy to improve the digestibility of aminoacids for broilers, a possibility of using animal-origin meals as a protein source of diets (
Silva et al., 2021
).
The use of nutritional matrices for enzyme products is recommended in feed formulation, enabling the reduction of aminoacid, energy, phosphorus, and protein levels (
Campasino et al., 2015
). This approach offers several benefits, including cost savings and reduced environmental nutrient excretion (
Dersjant-li et al., 2015
).
Ahiwe et al. (2022)
concluded that enzyme supplementation mitigated the negative effects of low-energy and low-protein diets on production parameters, intestinal development, and the digestibility of energy, fiber, and protein in broiler chickens.
The extent of the response in performance variables is dependent upon the enzyme dose (
Rao et al., 2021
). Furthermore,
Aderibigbe et al. (2020)
noted that the growth phase of birds could influence their response to exogenous amylase.
In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of an enzyme complex (EC) composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease on the nutrient metabolism of CGM 60%, SPC, DBP, and POM during the early rearing phases. Additionally, we assessed the performance of broilers up to 42 days of age when fed diets containing CGM, SPC, DBP, and POM, either with or without EC supplementation.
2. Material and Methods
The experimental protocols were granted approval by the institutional Ethics Committee on Animal Use (case no. 066/12). The study was conducted in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (16°35'48.3" S and 49°17'08.8" W).
2.1. Experiment I
A total of 720 male day-old Cobb 500® broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 45 pens in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement [protein sources × presence or absence of the EC] with an additional group (reference diet). Each pen contained five replicates, with ten birds in the pre-starter phase and six birds in the starter phase, resulting in eight treatment groups. Treatments consisted of four protein sources, namely, CGM 60%, SPC, DBP, and POM, each of which was either supplemented with EC or left without supplementation, totaling eight treatments.
Control diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of broilers during the early phases, following the guidelines of
Rostagno et al. (2011)
. The experimental diets were created by substituting 40% of the control diet with the evaluated feedstuff (
Table 1
), with or without the inclusion of EC. The EC (Axtra) contained the following per kilogram: 2,000 U xylanase, 200 U amylase, and 4,000 U protease. The addition of enzymes followed the manufacturer’s recommendations. All birds underwent a four-day period of adaptation to the experimental diets and cages. Throughout the experimental period, water and feed were available
ad libitum
, provided in two phases: pre-starter (1 to 7 d) and starter (8 to 21 d).
The chicks were housed in five broiler battery cages made of galvanized steel, equipped with trough-type feeders and drinkers. Each battery had five floors with divisions measuring 0.33 × 0.50 m. For heating, 40-W incandescent lamps were used on each floor of the battery until the birds reached 14 days of age. Broiler management adhered to standard guidelines for the strain. Daily records of ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded, and appropriate curtain management was implemented.
To calculate the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP), and ether extract (MCEE) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), total excreta were collected from days 4 to 7 (pre-starter phase) and from days 17 to 21 (starter phase). Excreta collection was conducted twice daily, and collected samples were placed in labeled plastic bags and frozen. At the conclusion of the experiment, the excreta were thawed and homogenized following the method proposed by
Sakomura and Rostagno (2016)
. Feed intake and mortality rates were also determined.
The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and gross energy (GE) content of both the diets and excreta were determined. The DM content was assessed through oven drying at 105 ℃, CP using the micro-Kjeldahl method (nitrogen distiller Tecnal® TE-0364), EE via the Soxhlet method, and GE by bomb calorimeter. These analyses were performed according to procedures outlined by
Silva and Queiroz (2002)
. The MCDM, MCCP, MCEE, and AMEn values were calculated using equations proposed by
Sakomura and Rostagno (2016)
.
2.2. Experiment II
A total of 1,440 male day-old Cobb 500® broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (protein sources × EC) and housed in 48 boxes with six replicates, each containing 30 birds, resulting in eight treatment groups. These treatments consisted of diets incorporating four protein sources, namely, CGM, SPC, DBP, and POM, with each source either supplemented with EC or without supplementation. The chicks were acquired from a commercial hatchery, vaccinated against Marek’s disease at one day of age and against Gumboro disease at 17 days of age.
The basal diets were iso-nitrogenous, formulated based on corn and soybean meal, and were developed in accordance with the recommendations of
Rostagno et al. (2011)
(Tables
2
,
3
,
4
, and
5
). The treatments were prepared by incorporating the respective feedstuff and EC as follows: basal diet + 6% CGM, basal diet + 6% CGM with EC, basal diet + 6% SPC, basal diet + 6% SPC with EC, basal diet + 6% POM, basal diet + 6% POM with EC, basal diet + 5% DBP, and basal diet + 5% DBP with EC.
Composition of the experimental diets in the pre-starter phase (1 to 7 days) – experiment II
Ingredient (%)
CGM
SPC
POM
DBP
Without EC
With EC
Without EC
With EC
Without EC
With EC
Without EC
With EC
Corn
59.39
59.37
58.28
58.26
57.13
57.08
59.60
58.78
Soybean meal, 45%
29.86
28.87
30.23
30.25
29.83
29.86
29.32
30.02
Gluten meal, 60%
6.00
6.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Soybean protein concentrate, 60%
-
-
6.00
6.00
-
-
-
-
Poultry offal meal, 60%
-
-
-
-
6.00
6.00
-
-
Dried bovine plasma, 80%
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.00
5.00
Soybean oil
0.09
0.10
0.96
0.97
3.54
3.55
1.68
1.83
Dicalcium phosphate
1.96
1.96
1.90
1.90
1.14
1.14
1.92
1.91
Limestone
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.68
0.68
0.83
0.83
Common salt
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.43
0.43
0.46
0.46
Vitamin-mineral supplement1
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
DL-Methionine (99%)
0.32
0.32
0.38
0.38
0.36
0.36
0.40
0.40
L-Lysine (78%)
0.51
0.51
0.37
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.28
0.26
L-Threonine (99%)
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
Axtra®
-
0.01
-
0.01
-
0.01
-
0.01
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Nutritional composition calculated
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)
2,960
2,960
2,960
2,960
2,960
2,960
2,960
2,960
Crude protein (%)
22.40
22.40
22.40
22.40
22.40
22.40
22.40
22.40
Digestible lysine (%)
1.324
1.324
1.324
1.324
1.324
1.324
1.324
1.324
Digestible methionine + cystine (%)
0.953
0.953
0.953
0.953
0.953
0.953
0.953
0.953
Digestible threonine (%)
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.861
0.861
Calcium (%)
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
Available phosphorus (%)
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
Sodium (%)
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
CGM - corn gluten meal; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; POM - poultry offal meal; DBP - dried bovine plasma; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.
Throughout the experiment, the birds had free access to feed and water, provided in four phases: pre-starter (1 to 7 days), starter (8 to 21 days), grower (22 to 35 days), and finisher (36 to 42 days). The EC used (Axtra) contained the following per kg: 2,000 U xylanase, 200 U amylase, and 4,000 U protease. Enzyme addition followed the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Broilers were reared in a commercial broiler house equipped with 48 individual boxes, each measuring 1.80 × 1.60 m (2.88 m2). Each box was equipped with a nipple drinker and a tubular feeder during the first seven days, after which a tubular adult feeder was provided. The temperature ranged from a minimum of 25.6 °C to a maximum of 28.6 °C.
Broiler performance was assessed at 7, 21, 35, and 42 days of age by measuring body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed intake (FI). Data were corrected for mortality, and the experimental period spanned 42 days.
2.3. Statistical analysis
The data underwent analysis of variance, and mean comparisons were conducted using the Scott Knott test at a significance level of 5%. The statistical model encompassed the fixed effects of feedstuffs and EC supplementation, along with their interaction effect, while accounting for the random effects of the experimental units. To explore the interrelationships between variables and treatments, a principal-component multivariate analysis was carried out.
in which Yijk = value observed in feedstuff factor i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4,), enzyme complex factor j (j = 1, 2), and replicate k (k = 1, 2, 3, …, 8); μ = overall mean of the experiment; ai = fixed effect of factor i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4); bj = fixed effect of factor j (j = 1, 2); (ab)ij = fixed effect of the interaction between factor i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) and factor j (j = 1, 2); and Ɛijk = random error in factor i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4), level j (j = 1, 2), and replicate k (k = 1, 2, 3, …, 8).
3. Results3.1. Experiment I
There was no interaction effect between feedstuffs and EC on the apparent metabolizability coefficients of nutrients and AMEn (P>0.05;
Table 6
). The inclusion of EC did not improve the apparent metabolizability coefficients of nutrients or AMEn (P>0.05;
Table 6
). However, notable differences in apparent metabolizability coefficients of nutrients and AMEn were observed depending on the feedstuff used.
Apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP), ether extract (MCEE), and the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn, in dry matter) of feedstuffs with or without enzyme complex in 7- and 21-day-old broilers
Item
7 days
21 days
MCDM
MCCP
MCEE
AMEn
MCDM
MCCP
MCEE
AMEn
Feedstuff (F)
CGM (60%)
69.03a
38.99b
83.89b
3735.8b
66.98a
66.36a
81.94b
3711.9b
SPC
64.45b
42.84b
85.83b
3965.6a
60.22c
60.04c
81.80b
3381.2d
POM
68.62a
53.15a
90.80a
4068.7a
64.92b
64.45b
85.52a
3908.3a
DBP
63.04b
49.69a
76.32c
3179.8c
64.74b
63.97b
79.50b
3528.4c
SEM
1.2587
2.1205
1.2967
74.3204
0.636
0.6934
1.3276
46.7629
Enzyme complex
Without EC
66.38
45.57
83.69
3684.3
64.07
63.39
81.43
3609.95
With EC
66.19
46.77
84.73
3790.6
64.36
64.01
82.95
3654.95
SEM
0.89
1.4994
0.9169
52.5525
0.4497
0.4903
0.9388
33.0663
P-value
F
0.0032
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.0264
<0.001
EC
0.8806
0.5767
0.4249
0.1625
0.6485
0.3795
0.2598
0.3431
F × EC
0.6772
0.1025
0.8509
0.1431
0.4081
0.6759
0.589
0.2082
CGM - corn gluten meal; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; POM - poultry offal meal; DBP - dried bovine plasma; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease; SEM - standard error of the mean.
a-d - Means within a column-subgroup with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 by Scott Knott test.
During the pre-starter phase, the highest MCDM (P = 0.0032), MCCP (P<0.001), and MCEE (P<0.001) values were obtained with POM, although MCDM was similar to that of CGM. Soybean protein concentrate yielded an AMEn value similar to that obtained with POM (P<0.001). In the starter phase, POM continued to exhibit the highest AMEn value (P<0.001).
According to multivariate analysis of the nutrient metabolizability coefficients in the pre-starter and starter phases (Figures
1
and
2
, respectively), EC had a limited influence. There was a positive correlation between MCDM, MCCP, MCEE, and AMEn with both POM and CGM, regardless of the presence of the enzyme complex (
Figure 1
). In the starter phase, MCDM, MCCP, MCEE, and AMEn displayed a positive correlation with both POM and CGM, whether the enzyme complex was present or not (
Figure 2
).
2D plot analysis of variables (feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and metabolizability coefficients of nutrients) at pre-starter phase.
CGM - corn gluten meal; CGM_EC - corn gluten meal with enzyme complex; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; SPC_EC - soybean protein concentrate with enzyme complex; POM - poultry offal meal; POM_EC - poultry offal meal with enzyme complex; DBP - dried bovine plasma; DBP_EC - dried bovine plasma with enzyme complex; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.The graph shows a separation between the feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and their relationship to the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP), and ether extract (MCEE); and to the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), based on multivariate analysis in pre-starter phase.
2D plot analysis of variables (feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and metabolizability coefficients of nutrients) at starter phase.
CGM - corn gluten meal; CGM_EC - corn gluten meal with enzyme complex; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; SPC_EC - soybean protein concentrate with enzyme complex; POM - poultry offal meal; POM_EC - poultry offal meal with enzyme complex; DBP - dried bovine plasma; DBP_EC - dried bovine plasma with enzyme complex; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.The graph shows a separation between the feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and their relationship to the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP), and ether extract (MCEE); and to the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), based on multivariate analysis in starter phase.
3.2. Experiment II
There was an interaction effect between feedstuffs and EC solely on the BWG of broilers during the pre-starter phase (P = 0.0341;
Table 7
;
Figure 3
). Specifically, the inclusion of EC in diets containing DBP and POM resulted in improved BWG in broilers at seven days of age (P = 0.006). No such interaction between feedstuffs and EC was observed for the other variables studied (P>0.05; Tables
7
and
8
).
Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at pre-starter and starter phases fed different feedstuffs with or without enzyme complex
Item
Pre-starter (7 days)
Starter (21 days)
FI (g)
BWG (g)
FCR
FI (kg)
BWG (kg)
FCR
Feedstuff (F)
CGM (60%)
148.5
130.4b
1.139
1.2862b
0.8536c
1.508a
SPC
155.9
132.1b
1.182
1.3129a
0.8618c
1.526a
POM
155.2
144.5a
1.076
1.2977b
0.9783a
1.327c
DBP
157.8
143.7a
1.100
1.3193a
0.9358b
1.412b
SEM
0.0037
0.0012
0.0287
0.0084
0.007
0.0144
Enzyme complex (EC)
Without EC
156.3
135.9b
1.152
1.3115
0.8883b
1.483a
With EC
152.3
139.5a
1.097
1.2965
0.9263a
1.404b
SEM
0.0026
0.0094
0.0203
0.006
0.0049
0.0102
P-value
F
0.3241
<0.001
0.0649
0.035
<0.001
<0.001
EC
0.2854
0.006
0.0633
0.0818
<0.001
<0.001
F × EC
0.9447
0.0341
0.6006
0.9964
0.4853
0.5399
CGM - corn gluten meal; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; POM - poultry offal meal; DBP - dried bovine plasma; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease; SEM - standard error of the mean.
a-c - Means within a column-subgroup with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 by Scott Knott test.
Deployment of interaction effect of feedstuffs with or without enzyme complex in body weight gain (BWG) of seven-day-old broilers.
CGM - corn gluten meal; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; POM - poultry offal meal; DBP - dried bovine plasma; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease; EC- without EC; EC+ with EC.Means within a feedstuff group with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 by Tukey’s test.
Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at the grower and finisher phases fed different feedstuffs with or without enzyme complex
Item
Grower (35 days)
Finisher (42 days)
FI (kg)
BWG (kg)
FCR
FI (kg)
BWG (kg)
FCR
Feedstuff (F)
CGM (60%)
3.6864
2.1911d
1.683a
5.1749
2.9806c
1.7387a
SPC
3.8003
2.3164c
1.643a
5.1994
3.0907b
1.6852a
POM
3.7368
2.4710a
1.514c
5.1899
3.2676a
1.5930b
DBP
3.7897
2.3896b
1.587b
5.2793
3.1375b
1.6847a
SEM
0.0354
0.023
0.0212
0.0359
0.0297
0.0199
Enzyme complex (EC)
Without EC
3.7679
2.2915b
1.648a
5.2446
3.0362b
1.7315a
With EC
3.7387
2.3925a
1.566b
5.1772
3.2019a
1.6193b
SEM
0.025
0.0163
0.015
0.0254
0.021
0.0141
P-value
F
0.1024
<0.001
<0.001
0.1833
<0.001
<0.001
EC
0.4139
<0.001
<0.001
0.0674
<0.001
<0.001
F × EC
0.8612
0.9799
0.9375
0.8939
0.7996
0.9918
CGM - corn gluten meal; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; POM - poultry offal meal; DBP - dried bovine plasma; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease; SEM - standard error of the mean.
a-b - Means within a column-subgroup with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 by Scott Knott test.
Both BWG and FCR improved with the addition of EC across all rearing phases (P<0.001; Tables 7 and 8). The inclusion of EC did not have a significant impact on FI for the birds (P>0.05; Tables 7 and 8). At seven days of age, diets containing DBP and POM (animal byproducts) yielded the highest BWG (P<0.001;
Table 7
). At 21, 35, and 42 days of age, POM consistently led to superior BWG and FCR in the birds (P<0.001; Tables
7
and
8
).
By 42 days of age, the broilers fed diets incorporating animal protein sources exhibited the highest overall performance (P<0.001;
Table 8
).
Multivariate analysis for broiler performance was conducted across the pre-starter, starter, grower, and finisher phases (Figures
4
,
5
,
6
, and
7
, respectively).
2D plot analysis of variables (feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and broiler performance) at pre-starter phase.
CGM - corn gluten meal; CGM_EC - corn gluten meal with enzyme complex; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; SPC_EC - soybean protein concentrate with enzyme complex; POM - poultry offal meal; POM_EC - poultry offal meal with enzyme complex; DBP - dried bovine plasma; DBP_EC - dried bovine plasma with enzyme complex; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.The graph shows a separation between the feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and their relationship to the broiler performance, based on multivariate analysis in pre-starter phase.
2D plot analysis of variables (feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and broiler performance) at starter phase.
CGM - corn gluten meal; CGM_EC - corn gluten meal with enzyme complex; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; SPC_EC - soybean protein concentrate with enzyme complex; POM - poultry offal meal; POM_EC - poultry offal meal with enzyme complex; DBP - dried bovine plasma; DBP_EC - dried bovine plasma with enzyme complex; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.The graph shows a separation between the feedstuffs with or without the EC and their relationship to the broiler performance, based on multivariate analysis in starter phase.
2D plot analysis of variables (feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and broiler performance) at growth phase.
CGM - corn gluten meal; CGM_EC - corn gluten meal with enzyme complex; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; SPC_EC - soybean protein concentrate with enzyme complex; POM - poultry offal meal; POM_EC - poultry offal meal with enzyme complex; DBP - dried bovine plasma; DBP_EC - dried bovine plasma with enzyme complex; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.The graph shows a separation between the feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and their relationship to the broiler performance, based on multivariate analysis in growth phase.
2D plot analysis of variables (feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and broiler performance) at final phase.
CGM - corn gluten meal; CGM_EC - corn gluten meal with enzyme complex; SPC - soybean protein concentrate; SPC_EC - soybean protein concentrate with enzyme complex; POM - poultry offal meal; POM_EC - poultry offal meal with enzyme complex; DBP - dried bovine plasma; DBP_EC - dried bovine plasma with enzyme complex; EC - enzyme complex composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease.The graph shows a separation between the feedstuffs with or without the enzyme complex and their relationship to the broiler performance, based on multivariate analysis in final phase.
4. Discussion
Understanding ingredient digestibility is important when utilizing diverse protein sources in broiler diets. In this study, EC did not enhance the MCDM, MCCP, MCEE, or AMEn of the tested feedstuffs. In contrast, diets supplemented with EC consistently led to higher BWG and improved FCR for broilers across all rearing phases. This improvement in performance was independent of the specific feedstuff used.
The EC under investigation consists of amylase, xylanase, and protease. It was anticipated that the inclusion of these enzymes would lead to an increase in the AMEn of the feedstuffs by increasing the availability of starch and cell wall components for gut and pancreatic enzymes. Xylanase and phytase are efficient to lower the digesta viscosity (
Anwar et al., 2023
). It is known that the viscous properties of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) may interfere with the digestion process and thereby reduce the digestibility of other nutrients (
Steenfeldt, 2001
). Therefore, it was expected that the digestibility and performance of broilers fed with EC—mainly the vegetable byproducts—increased because of the degradation of xylan of wall cell and consequently liberation of starch and protein of cell content. In addition, the EC improved the performance of broilers fed the animal byproducts (POM and DBP). For protein-rich feedstuffs, the greatest effects of exogenous enzymes are to be expected on the NSP present in the cotyledon and germ, whereas the NSP present in the hull layer represent rigid structures that are difficult to degrade (
Knudsen, 2014
).
Some factors have been identified as influencing the efficacy of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility and broiler performance, including the enzyme dosage (
Rao et al., 2021
) and growth phase of the birds (
Aderibigbe et al., 2020
). Moreover,
Jabbar et al. (2021)
demonstrated an interaction effect between exogenous protease enzyme and dietary crude protein levels on growth and digestibility indices in broiler chickens during the starter phase.
As highlighted by
Amerah et al. (2017)
, broilers possess an immature digestive tract in the initial days of life, characterized by lower production of endogenous enzymes and reduced nutrient digestibility. These authors reported improvements in performance and nutrient digestibility when combining phytase with an enzyme complex comprising amylase, xylanase, and protease in the diets of 21-day-old broilers. The incorporation of xylanase into broiler feed can yield beneficial effects, as it facilitates alterations in the composition of cell walls by hydrolyzing structural arabinoxylans that encapsulate nutrients, thereby increasing nutrient utilization by animals (
Kiarie et al., 2014
;
Munyaka et al., 2016
;
Amerah et al., 2017
).
Cowieson et al. (2010)
elucidated that the impact of xylanase becomes more apparent when used in conjunction with other exogenous enzymes such as protease, amylase, and phytase.
Kiarie et al. (2014)
reported that xylanase supplementation improved growth performance and AMEn in both wheat and corn-based diets, suggesting hydrolysis of both soluble and insoluble NSP. On the other hand, the advantage of enhanced protein digestibility due to enzyme supplementation primarily arises from a reduction in the production of endogenous aminoacids rather than improved digestion of aminoacids in the diet (
Bedford, 2000
). This benefit, however, reduces the energy expenditure as birds expend less energy on the digestive process, leaving more energy available for productive processes.
Numerous researchers have explored the digestive capacity of birds during the first week of their lives. This phase is of particular interest because birds undergo rapid development during this period, and their nutritional requirements are closely linked to their digestive capabilities (
Willemsen et al., 2008
;
Zavarize et al., 2012
;
Svihus, 2014
;
Lilburn and Loeffler, 2015
). Furthermore, the limited enzyme activity in young birds contributes to a reduction in digestive processes. Therefore, enhancing nutrient digestibility during this phase is crucial for proper animal development.
Despite these considerations, the addition of EC did not result in increased nutrient metabolizability coefficients in the assessed feedstuffs at two different age periods of birds (4 to 7 and 17 to 21 days old). The average apparent digestibility of protein during the pre-starter phase remained low, at approximately 48.25%. This can be attributed to the nutritional imbalance of the diets, as they consisted of 60% of a control diet and 40% of experimental feedstuff. The intake of diets with aminoacid content disproportional to the actual metabolic requirements of non-ruminant animals leads to physiological changes with metabolic consequences that impede nutrient digestibility in the diet.
The AMEn values directly influence the formulation of broiler diets. High levels of animal meals in broiler feed can potentially lead to adverse effects on the estimation of metabolizable energy values, possibly due to interactions between calcium, fatty acids, and protein. A low protein digestibility can result from the presence of high mineral content, aminoacid imbalances, and reduced intake due to low palatability. Elevated calcium levels (at higher inclusion rates) can interfere with fat absorption, particularly unsaturated fatty acids (
Nascimento et al., 2005
).
The presence of the EC resulted in improved weight gain and enhanced FCR, indicating its effectiveness. Consistent with these findings,
Mohammadigheisar et al. (2018)
observed improved broiler chicken performance when fed a multi-enzyme, with no negative effects on health status or meat quality.
Several studies have demonstrated a significant increase in broiler weight gain during the starter phase with the addition of protease to the feed (
Wang et al., 2006
;
Angel et al., 2011
). One plausible explanation for the beneficial effects of the enzyme complex, composed of xylanase, amylase, and protease, on weight gain could be the improved utilization of nutrients, as xylanases promote the depolymerization of arabinoxylans into low-molecular-weight components (
Ravindran et al., 1999
;
Olukosi et al., 2007
).
Saleh et al. (2018)
found that an enzyme complex containing xylanase and protease led to higher expression of the intestinal carnitine acyltransferase I gene (
CPT1
), intestinal peptide transporter 1 gene (
PEPT1
), and intestinal glucose transporter 2 gene (
GLUT2
). The
CPT1
gene is responsible for transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, thereby enhancing beta-oxidation, whereas
PEPT1
and
GLUT2
play vital roles in the absorption of peptides and glucose in the intestinal mucosa.
This increased absorption and beta-oxidation of nutrients ultimately result in greater availability of energy and aminoacids for protein synthesis, leading to improved BWG in broilers. Building on this context,
Head et al. (2019)
reached a similar conclusion in their study, in which broilers fed an enzyme mixture containing carbohydrase and protease exhibited increased expression of genes associated with fatty acid catabolism (
ACOX1
and
CPT1
) and inhibited expression of genes related to
de novo
fatty acid synthesis.
5. Conclusions
The enzyme complex does not enhance the metabolizability of nutrients in corn gluten meal, soybean protein concentrate, dried bovine plasma, or poultry offal meal. However, broilers fed diets comprising these ingredients as well as enzyme complex display improved performance by 42 days of age. This suggests that the impact of the enzyme complex varies depending on whether its effects are observed at the feedstuff or diet level.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the research funding, and the companies São Salvador Alimentos, Evonik, and Cargill.
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